Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease - A type of progressive muscular atrophy

Encephalocele - Any congenital defect of the brain and spinal cord as a result of abnormal development of the neural tube (the precursor of the spinal cord) during early embryonic life, usually accompanied by defects of the vertebral column or skull. 

Spina Bifida ( --> Spinal Dysraphism) - It is caused by the failure of the vertebrae to form over the back of the spinal cord, leaving the nerve unprotected. It usually occurs in the sacral or lumbar regions at the base of the spine, the final section of the neural tube to close. 

Tethered Cord Syndrome ( --> Spina Bifida Occulta) - In spina bifida occulta, or hidden spina bifida, the vertebrae fail to completely enclose the spinal cord, but the latter is normal in form and is covered by the skin of the back. This form of the defect has no effect on body functions and may go undetected for life.